The Сontribution of Leonard da Vinci in Aviation History Term Papers

Introduction The beginning of the concept of aviation began in Chinese in the fourth century A.D. In 400 B.C a toy that consisted of feathers at the end of a stick was spun between the hands to generate a lift and after its release it provided a free flight, It is assumed that those who build the   toys were inspired by the auto rotating nature of seeds from trees such as Sycamore. 1 In the year 1480, Leonard da Vinci discovered that a screw shaped device well made from a   starched linen can rise in air if turned quickly. Biography of Leonard da Vinci He was born on April 15th 1452 in Vinci, near Florence. He grew up in Vinci, his father’s home where he could access scholarly articles that belonged to family and friends; He got exposed to the family’s painting tradition. He had a talent in painting and was apprenticed a workshop where he stayed until 1477. In 1482, Leonardo entered the service of the duke of Milan. By 1499, he gained heights in the fields of science and art. In the years 1485 to 1490, he came up with studies on many subjects such as flying machines and architectural designs among others. His curiosity made him to be interested in new things but he was unable to complete his experiments. He dedicated most of his time in studying science.2 Leonard was fond of taking and keeping notes of what he studied in his note books. Most of his works were paintings, architectural designs, Human anatomy, and mechanics; he used to collect the sketches and his studies in different coding and manuscripts He produced paintings in small numbers but was very innovative and an influential artist. He made famous painting like the Adoration of the Magi, Mona Lisa, and the Last Supper among others. However, none of his sculptures were completed even though his approach to a three dimensional is very evident in his drawings. In addition to this, his building projects were not completed In the years 1485 to 1490, he came up with studies on many subjects such as flying machines and architectural designs among others. His curiosity made him to be interested in new things but he was unable to complete his experiments. He dedicated most of his time in studying science. Leonardo’s scientific discoveries were well planned based on careful observation and recording notes with a good documentation. Most of his scientific innovations were not completed but the theories are contained in many notebooks. Many discoveries of modern times are based on his theories and scientific studies such as the human anatomy, geology and meteorology, nature studies, and mechanics. He invented the hydrometer and in the aviation history, his flying machines contributed to the principals of aviation and aerodynamics. He died on May 2nd 1519 in Cloux, France.  3 The Talents of Leonardo da Vinci Leonardo was an inventor, artist and, a scientist. He was an artist and painted the pictures of an angel and the portions of a landscape in a Baptist Church of Christ in Verrocchio making him to be registered in the painter’s guild in Verrocchio in 1472 the period which he began his artistic career.4 In addition to this, Leonardo da Vinci was a great inventor and had a lot of ideas and drew war machines, flying machines, machines that are used for work, architectural designs and structures and, machines that are used in water and land. Most of his work and theories were advanced by other people to design other machines. Most of the machines that he designed were meant for war, even though he was not a man of war. He designed a circular armored car that had the capacity of shooting three hundred and sixty degrees without making a turn. He also designed a thirty three barreled organ, an automatic hull rammer and multiple cross bows among other machines. His Contribution in the History of Aviation In the field of flight, his most common contribution was the idea of a flying machine that was an aerial screw given a classification as the beginning of the design of a helicopter. It had the same design of a helicopter. The prop of the aerial screw is a flat screw which when turned, creates a lift. During his time, some of his inventions were not tested such as the aerial screw since he had a lot of commitments in other projects. He built a parachute which had a slight difference with the modern parachutes; his parachute had a structure that looked like a temple. He had a lot of ideas on gliders and drawings of a leaf spring engine that is used for flying machines. His concept predominates even in the modern world but with a few modifications such as the scuba diving suit. He was a great scientist whose thoughts and theories have a greater impact in the world of science. Leonardo da Vinci made a contribution to the history of aviation. Being a brilliant scientist, he made a lot of contribution to the first scientific experiments in the aviation field. Leonardo spent many years in understanding the concept of flight. He provided descriptions and sketches of the flying machines that include pictures and descriptions of the world’s initial designs of a parachute and a helicopter a note book which were discovered and put in print many years after his death, that showed the models of the parachute and the helicopter and he flew them very successfully. Leonardo understood and put in writing the importance of the gravitational force, the centre of pressure and streamlining. These are the most important basic principles in the design and building of an airplane or a spaceship. He developed a lot of interest in seeing a   man fly like birds, making him to give a description, sketches, and also created many models of various types of a flying machines   in the air, propelled by the use of flapping wings. According to history, Leonardo da Vinci made his first studies of aviation in 1480’s and had over 100 drawings that he used to illustrate his theories on an onithoptera and the mechanical flight. His sketches described how a bird uses its wings and tails, bringing the idea of man using a flight in carrying machines and other materials for the experiment, ( Chanute, 1997).5 According to his perception of air as a fluid, this gave him the opportunity to understand the basics of fluid mechanics. Hence, he earned a credit in the history of aviation. His idea on the flying machines is very interesting and of more importance in the discussion of the history of flight. In addition to this, his research on aviation was among other actives he was involved with which included, paintings, casting cannon, as an architect, he also designed military hardware; he was a good artist and did some sculpture, an architect, a n urban planner and optics. He was involved in so many activities. Leonardo was the first person to apply the principle that when a screw like device is turned at a sufficient speed, then it would get uplifted and rise in air. The screw that he designed is very old and its age is compared to Archimedes who used the idea in uplifting water. This device has been known as the origin of the design of a helicopter and the screw propeller. His work also included a most elaborate flying machine having a streamlined cabin which could have two men sitting and one being the operator of the wing. However this machine did not work. Leonardo furthered his experiments by making an attempt to copy the wings of a bird in a fully expressed machine that looked like a bird’s wing. The mechanical wing had joints that had springs which were to be used in returning them to the original gliding position after flapping them, this man provided a flying machine that looked like a bird which he gave much thought to. His inventions also included the design of an aircraft with sections of a tail which is very critical for stability during flight. The Wright Brothers modified this by placing a stabilizer in front of the bi-plane. The drawings of an aircraft with a wing were mostly single, however the modern models that were designed fro his drawings are very similar to the modern airplanes. The gliders that he devised had the interior half of the wings fixed and a movable outer half. He came with this idea after noting the flight of birds that, the portion of the wings closer to the body never moved much and the portion outside of the wing moved to propel and to control the flight. Archimedes who was a Greek mathematician made perfect the principle of a rotating screw for use as a water pump. By the 15th century Leonardo da Vinci invented a helicopter capable of making a lift by carrying a person and doing experiments with the models of his designs. His sketches of the aerial screw described a device with a helical rotor with its helical surface on the device looking like a helicopter built from iron wire that were covered with linen surfaces and made airtight with starch. In making assumptions of the possibility of a man to fly like birds, Leonardo was certainly correct. He drew some diagrams that up to date still appear like having the ability to fly. By using the flight of birds as the basis for his approach, he was quite certain that when a wing is flapped in a motion that is rowing, it would prove that it was the key to a sustained flight, (Turner, 1993).6 However, he appeared very secretive in his research work making his research on flight to appear to be top secret to him among most of his pursuits. Most researchers were thrilled by his idea on the flying birds up to the moment that flight was actually achieved by the Wright Brothers who used a fixed wing. Later modifications in the research of flight were adapted from his drawings that also proved that he actually did an experiment with his craft as models. Having used his idea of understanding motion, his notations that were scribbled about roiling waters in a stream from a mountain showed that he was not successful in his efforts by turbulence. His plans were to use the muscle power to make the rotor revolve which was not sufficient enough to uplift the helicopter. Even though in his notes, he showed that his models flew, but according to the sketch, this was not possible as there was no torque created by the propeller. During Leonardo da Vinci’s time, tremendous improvements advanced the idea of horizontal flight but were lack of adequate power to achieve flight; in addition, they were too bulky and heavy. Efforts in designing a real helicopter dates back to the early years of the 20th century. However, the onithoptera machine was not a success and was not created. It was a design that Leonardo da Vinci created to explain how human being could also fly like birds. His note book on aviation was uses by flight pioneers in the 19th century, (Kemp, 1981).7 Leonardo’s theory for â€Å"compressing† the air and obtaining a lift was very similar with the design of the modern helicopters. His attempts have been one of the serious initial experiments in the production of a functioning helicopter. They were experimental, hence were never put in practical use. Adequate technology was far ahead of his time and, without adequate technology, the ability to create such machines is not possible, (Clark, 1988).8 Further developments in the history of aviation Between the fifteenth century and the twentieth century, there had been minor inventions that contributed to the design of a helicopter. However, the models were not successful because of their sizes and weight. The following men contributed to the history of aviation after the death of Leonardo In 1954, Mikhail Lomonosov suggested a coaxial rotor machine that was used to elevate meteorological devices, modeled after the Chinese toy. It was powered by wound up string device that could fly freely to climb to good altitude. In 1784, Launoy and Bienvenu built another version of the Chinese toy that had a two bladed propeller driven by a bow drill system at each end of its fuselage. This model consisted of a counter rotating set of feathers of turkey that were   to take off and fly on its own proving that an object that is heavier than air can fly. In 1800, Sir George Cayley made a contribution on the basic principles of flight that dated from the 1790’s. He constructed many successful vertical- flight models that were successful. He used rotors made of tin sheets and driven by a wound up’ clock springs. In 184, in a scientific paper that he published, Cayley mentioned a vertical flying machine known as â€Å"Aerial Carriage†, this device was considered as an idea since the available source of energy by that time was from steam engines which were considerably heavy to allow for a powered flight making his project not to be feasible. In 1842, W.H Phillips built a 10 kilogram steam powered model; his contribution was followed by a steam machine that used a main rotor and two smaller ones, probably his machine was the first model of a helicopter that was powered by an engine instead of energy devices like the wound – up springs. In 1845, Cossus of France built a model that was documented by Octave Chanute in quest for flying machines. This device had three aerial screws that were moved by a steam power. In 1861, Bright advanced this model by using a globe over the rotors. The term helicopter was coined by a French man- Viscount Gustave de Ponton d’ Amecourt, who put together the Greek words â€Å"helicon meaning spiral and pteron meaning wing† where the term helicopter was derived. Archimedes described a man- powered machine called a pterophere which had two airscrews that supported the machine in flight and forwarded propulsion. In 1862, William Powers modeled an attack helicopter that used the Archimedes’ screws powered by a steam engine to propel it vertically and forward. However the model that he built did not construct a full size aircraft. In 1877, E. Forlanini made a small steam engine weighing a bout 3.5 kilogram. This model reached nine meters and remained in flight for half a minute. In 1880, Thomas Edison tried an electric engine which was unpowered but was certain that helicopters will be of great importance to the future generation. In 1895, De los Olivos made a tandem rotors helicopter that had wings. Archimedes described a man- powered machine that he called a pterophere which had two airscrews that supported the machine in flight and forwarded propulsion. In 1862, William Powers modeled an attack helicopter that used the Archimedes’ screws powered by a steam engine to propel it vertically and forward. However the model that he built did not construct a full size aircraft. In 1871, Pomes and De la Pauze designed a machine that used a rotor powered by gunpowder. This machine was never constructed.   Afterwards, in 1877, Alphonse Penaud was able to construct several model helicopters which he fashioned after the Chinese top having two superimposed screws that rotated in different direction setting motion by use of the force derived from a twisted rubber band. His models rose more than 15 meters high. In the same year, Emmanuel Dieuaide designed a helicopter that had counter- rotating rotors with an engine boiler on the ground but connected to a machine using a flexible tube. There were many achievements in tat year; Melikoff constructed a helicopter that had a colonial shaped rotor which doubled in its functions as a parachute. During 1878, Castel manage to design and build a helicopter that that was lifted by compressed air that had eight rotors on its two counter rotating shafts. His model did not operate, however a smaller one built that was built between 1878 and 1879 by Dandrieux that was driven by elastic bands did fly. An Italian civil engineer known as Enrico Forlanini who was an Italian civil engineer created a flying steam-driven helicopter model powered by a 7.7 pound engine which had two counter rotating rotors and was able to rise up to 40 feet for more than 20 seconds. In the 1880’s Thomas Alva Edison made an experiment with a small helicopter model and put into test many rotor configurations that were driven by a gun cotton engine which was one of the initial, early form of internal combustion engines. Later he used an electric motor to generate power being the first to demonstrate from his experiments that a rotor with a large diameter having a less surface area in its blade could provide a better floating efficiency in air. His knowledge and scientific approach on aerodynamics efficiency of the rotor and the supply of sufficient energy from an engine was a necessity for a successful vertical flight, (Gablehouse, 1969).9 By the end of the 19th century, there were fewer achievements in aerodynamics and mechanical complexities of creating a vertical aircraft. This was due to inadequate technological advances due to inefficient power and control. For instance the steam engines were too heavy and bulky for a full scale helicopter. In conclusion, early developments in aviation could not materialize because the lack of adequate technological developments which was a hindrance to the early developers of aircrafts. These included inadequate knowledge on aerodynamics of vertical flight, lack of a suitable engine and the inappropriateness to withstand the weight of the structure and engine. There were problems that were associated with excessive vibrations coupled with the inability to have stability and control. Notes Derget al, Chinese Inventions,2005.pg. 233 Clark, Leonardo da Vinci, 1988. Pg.45 Kemp, Leonardo da Vinci, The Marveling Works of Nature and Man, 198. Pg 168 Turner, Inventing Leonardo, 1993 Gablehouse, A History of Rotating Wing and V/STOC Aviation, 1969 Light Body, The Illustrated History of Helicopter, 1990 Bibliography Clark, Kenneth. Leonardo da Vinci. Rev. ed. New York: Viking, 1988. Kemp, Martin. Leonardo da Vinci, the Marvellous Works of Nature and Man. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981. Turner, A. Richard. Inventing Leonardo. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993. Gablehouse, Charles. Helicopters and Autogiros; A History of Rotating-wing and V/STOL Aviation. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company, 1969. Lightbody, Andy and Poyer, Joe. The Illustrated History of Helicopters. Lincolnwood, Ill.: Publications International, 1990. Chanute, Octave. Progress in Flying Machines. M N Forney 1894, Lorenz Herweg, 1976. Crouch, Tom, Wings: A History of Aviation from Kites to the Space Age, New York, New York: W.W. Norton Co, 2004 Deng Yinke, Wang, Pingxing, Ancient Chinese Inventions, China Intercontinental Press, pp.  113, 2005 Dodson, MG. An Historical and Applied Aerodynamic Study of the Wright Brothers Wind Tunnel Test Program and Application to Successful Manned Flight. US Naval Academy Technical Report. 2005 History of Aviation, GlobalAircraft.org 2008.   http://www.globalaircraft.org  © 2008 GlobalAircraft.org.

The Awakening by Kate Chopin Essay - 2440 Words

The Awakening by Kate Chopin Kate Chopin is one of the first female writers to address female issues, primarily sexuality. Chopin declares that women are capable of overt sexuality in which they explore and enjoy their sexuality. Chopin shows that her women are capable of loving more than one man at a time. They are not only attractive but sexually attracted (Ziff 148). Two of Chopin’s stories that reflect this attitude of sexuality are The Awakening and one of her short stories â€Å"The Storm†. Although critics now acclaim these two stories as great accomplishments, Chopin has been condemned during her life for writing such vulgar and risquà © pieces. In 1899 Chopin publishes The Awakening. She is censured for its â€Å"positively unseemly†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦show more content†¦The first way in which Chopin is able to portray an awakening by Edna is through her relationship with her husband, Leonce. Chopin describes Leonce as a likable guy. He is a successful business man, popular with his friends, and devotes himself to Edna and the children (Spangler 154). Although Edna’s marriage to Leonce is â€Å"purely and accident†, he â€Å"pleases her† and his â€Å"absolute devotion flattered her† (Chopin 506). However, it is clearly obvious to the reader the Leonce acts as the oppressor of Edna (Allen 72). When the reader first sees them together, Leonce is looking at his wife as â€Å"a valuable piece of personal property which has suffered some damage† (Chopin 494). The most important aspect to Leonce is making money and showing off his wealth. He believes his wife’s role to be caring for him and his children. Therefore, the first step toward her freedom is to be free of his rule. Edna is able to accomplish this first by denying Leonce the submissiveness which he is accustomed to. She does this by abandoning her Tuesday visitors, she makes no attempt to keep an organized household, and she comes and goes as s he pleases (Chopin 536). The next big step in gaining her freedom from her husband is when she moves into a house of her own while Leonce is away taking of business. She does not even wait to see what his opinion of the matter is (Chopin 558). It is quite evident the only thing Leonce worries about is what people are going toShow MoreRelatedThe Awakening By Kate Chopin1479 Words   |  6 PagesKate Chopin’s controversial novel, The Awakening, ignited turmoil because of her blatant disregard of the established 19th century perspective of women upholding strictly maternal and matrimonial responsibilities. Edna’s candid exploration of the restrictions on women through her liberal behavior in a conservative Victorian society makes her a literary symbol for feminist ideals. Despite denunciation from other people, Edna chooses individuality over conformity through her veering from traditionalRead MoreThe Awakening by Kate Chopin1102 Words   |  5 Pagesveracity of this q uote as both find their independence by boldly exceeding the norm. Their stories were fashioned during a period of great change and both characters are hallmarks of the hope and power women were unearthing at the time. The Awakening by Kate Chopin and Tess of the D’Urbervilles by Thomas Hardy are novels concerned with the transformation of women’s roles in society. Their protagonists, Tess and Edna, are not outright feminists, but they are acutely aware of the limitations imposed uponRead MoreThe Awakening By Kate Chopin1919 Words   |  8 PagesIn the novel, The Awakening, by Kate Chopin, we see how much of an importance the men in Edna’s life serve as a purpose to her awakening. Chopin is known to write stories about women who are unsatisfied with their lives while living in a life that is dominated by men. Other than Edna, the main men characters are typical men of the late 19th century era. Chopin shows how these three men are diverse from one another. The Creole men are Là ©once Pontellier, Edna’s husband, Robert, Edna’s mystery man numberRead MoreThe Awakening By Kate Chopin901 Words   |  4 Pagescandidly. Kate Chopin is honorably amongst this group of authors. Her works divinely portrayed the culture of New Orleans and the lives of Louisiana s Creole and Cajun residents. Chopin openly express her views on sex, marriage, and the injustices of women during the time. Kate Chopin’s novel, The Awakening, best exemplifies the contextual achievement of realism through the rejection of conformity, the exploration of love, and the weight of social opinion on individual choices. The Awakening is publishedRead MoreThe Awakening By Kate Chopin1222 Words   |  5 Pages The Awakening By: Kate Chopin Emely Maldonado AP LIT Period 3 Topic 3 Maldonado 1 Displacement The late 1800s and the 1900s was a prison for woman’s individuality. During this time period, stereotypical views of women were commenced by society and men. In the era that the novel, The Awakening by Kate Chopin was published, the gender roles were graved in stone, men would work to maintain their family and women would adhere to the house-hold duties. Dissatisfaction with theRead MoreThe Awakening By Kate Chopin1193 Words   |  5 PagesDavian Hart The Awakening By: Kate Chopin AP Literature Topic 3 Hart 1 Over the course of time the male species has always been the gender to attain the more favorable conditions. Numerous cultures heed to the belief that the man is the provider and head of his family. This machismo nature can condition the mind to believe that a man should feel superior to a woman. The continuous cycle of male superiority flows down from father to son subconsciously. Do to this unceasingRead MoreThe Awakening, By Kate Chopin887 Words   |  4 Pages Feminism has been a term used by many authors and writers for centuries, symbolizing women being able to use freedom the way they want to, not the way others want them to use it. Edna Pontellier, the main character in Kate Chopin’s novel The Awakening, experiences an â€Å"awakening† in her life, where she discovers her position in the universe and goes in this direction instead of what others like her husband Leonce tell her to take, similar to the style of feminism. â€Å"In short, Mrs. Pontellier was beg inningRead MoreThe Awakening By Kate Chopin1427 Words   |  6 Pagessuffering an imposition (Moderata). Throughout history, the inherent inferiority of women to men has often been cited as a way to deter women from becoming an individual and pursuing more in life. This notion is a prevalent issue in The Awakening by Kate Chopin; in which Edna fights to live her own way and is ultimately unable to survive in the cage of society. Not only has this supposed inferiority effected women for generations, but it has created inequality in our society today; especially inRead MoreThe Awakening By Kate Chopin1633 Words   |  7 Pages1. Title of text (underline novels/plays) author’s name The Awakening by Kate Chopin 2. Characterization Character Development (a) 1.Edna Pontellier- Edna is the main character of the novel who is married to a businessman. Edna is a dynamic character because at the beginning of the novel, she conforms to society by being the â€Å"perfect† mother and wife; however, Edna suddenly realizes that she is no longer happy with the way she was living her life and began to become independent only for herRead MoreThe Awakening By Kate Chopin915 Words   |  4 PagesMany of Kate Chopin’s writings are trademarked by her unique, deliberate word choices. Chopin uses phrases that do not make sense and seem to contradict themselves to get across a point. In two of her stories, â€Å"The Story of an Hour† and â€Å"The Awakening,† Chopin’s word usage highlights the idea of self-discovery. â€Å"The Awakening† and â€Å"The Story of an Hour† share similar themes. â€Å"The Awakening† is the story of a woman in the late 1800s discovering her apathy for her traditional female role as a wife

The Uk Smoking Problem Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

The purpose of this authorship is to critically measure and compare and contrast the research schemes, designs and methods, every bit good as their importance used in MILCH, E. Catherine et Al ( 2004 ) . Smoking surcease in primary attention: a clinical effectivity test of two simple intercessions published in Preventive Medicine Vol. We will write a custom essay sample on The Uk Smoking Problem Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now 38, pp. 284 – 294 and COLEMAN Tim, CHEATER Francine and MURPHY Elizabeth ( 2004 ) . Qualitative survey look intoing the procedure of giving anti-smoking advice in general pattern published in Patient Education and Counseling, Vol. 52, pp. 159 – 163. At the really beginning of this piece, it should be made clear, that chief focal point is to measure research methodological analysiss and methods applied in this two diary articles, along with their rightness for turn toing the chosen research inquiries. Additionally, attending will be paid to motivation literature and issues of sampling, dependability and cogency. First, a sum-up of the findings of this paper will be provided. Then, the research design of each diary article will be discussed in bend. Finally, decisions will be drawn in order to fulfill the purposes of this paper. Context Through the universe smoke presents a public wellness job. In UK, every bit good as in USA smoke is one of the prima causes of decease [ 1 ] and is responsible for highly high wellness attention costs. Although, in both states there are legion anti-smoking bubblies, in USA about one-fourth of grownup Americans smoke [ 2 ] and in UK about the same per centum of grownups declares themselves as tobacco users [ 3 ] . Coleman et al. , every bit good as Milch et Al. suggest that around 70 % of tobacco users see their general practician ( GP ) at least one time a twelvemonth. Numerous surveies ( Ockene 1987, Glynn 1988, Manley, Epps and Glynn 1992 and Silagy and Ketteridge 1999 ) show that tobacco users perceive practicians ‘ advice to discontinue as strong motive for surcease. Both surveies stress that, unluckily GP frequently fail to supply their patients with surcease advice either to avoid confrontation with patients or they do non possess a scope of accomplishments for tobacco us er surcease guidance. For this grounds Coleman, Cheater and Murphy wrote this paper researching procedure of giving anti-smoking advices in general pattern, one of a few which they based on same informations. Recognizing the importance of systematic protocols for designation of patients who smoke, Milch et al. put up clinical effectivity test to measure effectivity of two simple intercessions ( critical mark cast and smoke appraisal questionnaire ) on smoking surcease in primary attention. Your overall feeling? ? ? ? ? ? Summary Importance The paper aˆzQualitative survey look intoing the procedure of giving anti-smoking advice in general pattern † posits an interesting connexion between ( 1 ) GP ; ( 2 ) their repertory of techniques for covering with tobacco users who were non motivated to halt and ( 3 ) factors that influence the procedure of giving anti-smoking advices. Previous survey conducted by same writers aˆz Factors act uponing treatment about anti smoke between general practicians and patients who smoke: a qualitative survey † British Journal of General Practitioners 2000 ; Vol. 50, pp. 207 – 210 suggests that GPs normally expect negative reaction from patients to whom they give anti smoke advice. Furthermore, GPs perceive relationship between physician and patient as hapless. For all this grounds, they were less likely to speak about smoke with patients and they carefully choose with which patients to discourse it. The paper aims to derive insight into GP behavior in relation to an ti-smoking guidance and concept hypothesis and recommendations how this procedure could be improved in future. This was at the clip of great importance as new smoking surcease services were adopted in UK that proposed preparation of wellness professionals in anti smoke methods. Therefore, efficient preparation class for GPs should include findings from current clinical pattern. Though, important for lending to GPs pattern, it must be mentioned that old documents of this writers based on the same information and covering with really similar inquiries compromise the originality of this piece of composing. Additionally, figure of premises that sparked off this paper is based on informations produced by the same group of writers which might propose that research worker prejudice exists to some extent. It is ever utile to include other research documents cut downing research worker prejudice KEY FINDINGS This paper is of import because it makes a part to knowledge how GP get down anti smoke treatment, what is content of their messages and what attack GP adopt. Coleman, Cheater and Murphy suggest that GPs take great care how to raise inquiry of smoking. Two ways are predominating ; about half of the GPs interviewed say that they use several different methods to get down conversation and observe patients reaction and other half utilize `humour or â€Å" low key † attacks to bring on the subject in a non-threatening manner` Coleman, Cheater and Murphy ( 2004, p. 161 ) . Additionally, general practicians admitted that they lack equal methods and accomplishments for measuring smokers` motive to discontinue. Body linguistic communication, position and oculus contact were one of really of import motive indexs. If patients stated that they are in the center of quitting or are â€Å" cutting down † on coffin nails they were considered as motivated. The one weakness to halt, desp ite several negotiations with GPs, was considered as unmotivated. Once successfully originating the conversation, general practicians focused on conveying the message about wellness and economic benefits of halting smoke, every bit good as raising consciousness about smoke and contradictory wellness status i.e. high blood pressure or contradictory intervention i.e. preventive pill. More or less three quarters of general practicians said that they prefer utilizing non-confrontational attacks, which they described as â€Å" non-didactic † , â€Å" subdued † , â€Å" encouraging † , over confrontational, â€Å" acquiring across † and â€Å" shouting † attacks. Despite their penchant, around half of GPs admit that they use confrontational attack. Small figure even admitted awful patients ; particularly those who suffer smoking caused unwellnesss. Result Results of this research suggest that general practicians need broader spectrum of schemes and methods for giving anti smoke advices. In add-on to this, two new field of survey demand to be farther explored: usage of confrontation and terrorization as driver for behavior alteration and ways of measuring patients ‘ motive by GPs. Lack of GPs` competencies and methods for giving anti smoke advices suggests that paper has deductions for NHS smoking surcease services, Department of Health in UK in 2004, the twelvemonth it was published. Motivation The motive of writers is clear. Recognizing how important are general practicians in smoking surcease procedure they set out to detect to what extent are GPs are skilled and how developed are their methods for giving anti smoke advices. At the clip being this issue vas really modern-day, as UK authorities proposed preparation in smoking surcease methods and to cognize from where betterments should get down finding current clinical pattern was important. Importance Paper `Smoking surcease in primary attention: a clinical effectivity test of two simple interventions` nowadayss relationship between ( 1 ) critical mark cast, ( 2 ) smoke appraisal questionnaire ( SAQ ) and ( 3 ) their consequence on smoking surcease. As antecedently mentioned, clinicians frequently are unsuccessful in accessing baccy usage or in presenting anti-smoking advices. This leads us to reason that there is demand for practical, clip and cost effectual smoke surcease intercession. Milch et Al. successfully confirm their initial hypothesis that these two uncomplicated intercessions better indentifying tobacco users and prompt anti smoke advices. Greatest strength of this survey lies in the fact that it `was designed to resemble real-world practice` Milch et Al. ( 2004, pp. 293 ) , it requires minimum preparation, no excess clinicians and recommends betterments for GPs` pattern. However, it should non be overlooked that a few initial premises are based on instead old literatu re, such as Ockene, JK. ( 1987 ) , Glynn, TJ. ( 1988 ) , etc. Collis and Hussey ( 2009 ) suggest that a danger exists when a piece is trusting on old informations, because it has small relevancy to modern pattern and that farther usage of this information can be `incidental and opportunistic` . KEY FINDINGS Key findings imply that intercessions used positively affected testing for smoke and did non hold any `dramatic consequence on clinicians supplying surcease advice` Milch et Al. ( 2004, pp. 290 ) . Both intercessions increased rated of anti smoke advices by primary attention practicians ( PCP ) 47 % on the cast group and 52 % on the SAQ group in comparing to 33 % on control group. It is interesting that smoking surcease rate was the highest on the SAQ group – 30 % , than on the cast group – 4 % and control group – 11 % . Why smoking surcease rate was higher than the stamp group rate demands farther geographic expedition. Last but non the least, high section of patients in the intercession squads stated that they reduced the figure of coffin nails, greater than before motive, assurance about halting to smoke, believing of discontinuing and consciousness of wellness hazards. Although, a few initial premises are based on old articles and the research showed that smo king surcease rate was higher in the control group than in the cast group, it must be admitted that this research has deduction to GPs pattern. Result The most important result of Milch et Al. article ( 2004 ) is the verification of hypothesis that two simple intercessions used will better designation of tobacco users and bring on smoking surcease advices. In add-on to this, this research has deduction for general practitioners` pattern as methods analysed here are unsophisticated, easy to larn, clip and cost effectual. Motivation Motivation of writers of this research is really clear. Additionally, it is similar to motive of Coleman, Cheater and Murphy`s. Both research paper reference modern-day issue at that clip – deficiency of methods for testing patients for smoke and developing methods for get downing and presenting anti smoke advices. [ 1 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/tables/health/attrdeaths/index.htmlH: obacco2.gif [ 4 ] Ockene JK. Physician-delivered intercessions for smoking surcease ; schemes for increasing effectivity. Preventive Medicine 1987 ; 16 723 – 737 [ 5 ] Manley, MW Epps RP, Glynn TJ The clinicians function in advancing smoking surcease among clinic patients. Med Clin Nort America 1992 76 477-494 [ 6 ] Glynn, TJ Relative effectivity of doctor initiated smoking surcease plan Cancer Bulletin 1988 40 359 – 364 [ 7 ] Silagy C. Ketteridge S. physician advice for smoking surcease ( Cochrane Review ) . The Cochrane Library, Issue I Oxford: Update Software 1999 Bryman, Alan ( 2008 ) . Social Research Methods. 3rd ed. , Oxford University Press Collis, Jill and Hussey, Roger ( 2009 ) . Business Research, A Practical Guide for undergraduate and postgraduate pupils. 3rd ed. , Palgrave Macmillan How to cite The Uk Smoking Problem Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Intermediate Managerial Accounting free essay sample

Students are expected to read the assigned chapters, class notes, and other assigned materials before coming to class and are expected to discuss the assigned chapters and other related materials during lectures. Course Objectives : The role of the management accountant in today’s business organization is to provide quantitative and qualitative information to support management’s decision-making function. This course is intended to bridge the transition between the computation of data and the use of the data for strategic purposes. The course will also introduce the use of case analysis and the application of critical thinking to managerial accounting information. http://beedie. sfu. ca/courses/bus322 ID: your SFU ID Password: your SFU password Course email: [emailprotected] ca Course website : Grading : Grading scheme : A weighted mark of the following elements Case analysis (one written report – group) Case presentation (one presentation – group) Class participation (during case presentation individual) Assignments (individual) Midterm exam (individual) Final exam (comprehensive – individual) Total Relative performance measurement

The Misunderstood Monster Essays - Beowulf, Monsters, Grendel

The Misunderstood Monster The Misunderstood Monster Grendel by John Gardner is a presentation of the dark, the misunderstood, and the ugly. Throughout the novel readers will come to understand the way grendels mind works, events that set him off and all of the different characteristic that make him the monster he is. In the novel Grendel by John Gardner, Grendel is presented to the audience as a coward, he would only attack at night when the guards of the mead hall were asleep, and he was an insensitive character and a monster. Grendel can be proven as a monster for multiple reasons. First and foremost, Grendel lived with his mother in an open cave at the bottom of a boiling lake. Second, Grendel was born and raised to be wicked; I was Grendel, Ruiner of Meadhalls, Wrecker of Kings! (Grendel, p. 80) he never had the chance to become good. All Grendel knew was how to be barbaric and monstrous, and he lived by what he was taught at a young age. Also, whenever Grendel came in contact with music and sounds of pleasure and joy, he would instantaneously be filled with anger and hatred. Grendel also seeks vengeance on the good rather than the evil mainly due to his familys history. Throughout the novel, the audience will come to notice that there were certain events that traumatically effected Grendel. The first event was the story of Cain and Abel. When Grendel hears the story of Cain and Abel from the Shaper, he is pleased, but also upset because he is skeptical about what he heard. Grendel is aware that the shapers songs are built upon a foundation of lies, but he knows that man cannot be as holy as the Shaper had suggested, because he himself has seen evidence of humankinds brutality. Grendel also feels that he was cursed by it and that he is a punishment from God for Cains actions of killing Abel. Grendel is a savage that can only join the humans by fighting them. The final event that had an effect on Grendel was the death of the Shaper. The shapers stories were Grendels gateway into history. The Shaper gave Grendel a sense of what was true and untrue in history. For Grendel the Shaper had legitimized Hrothgars rule and even his own ancestry. The Shaper cl aimed that Grendel was a descendent of Cain. It was the loss of historical content that saddened Grendel the most; it no longer had a meaning to him after the death of the Shaper. Throughout the novel, society has played a main part in the way Grendel thinks and acts. During the novel, the audience will come to notice that Grendels relationship with the humans is defined by his intellectual interest in their philosophies. It can also be characterized by his emotional concept of community. Grendel lives in a world where he attempts to communicate with the humans but constantly fails. His mother lacks the capacity for language and even if she could speak, she would probably be an unworthy conversational partner for Grendel. Grendel often finds himself talking to the sky wishing for a response he knows he will never get. "Why can't I have someone to talk to?" I said. The stars said nothing, but I pretended to ignore the rudeness. "The Shaper has people to talk to," I said. I wrung my fingers. "Hrothgar has people to talk to."(Grendel, p. 53)Throughout the novel, Grendel remains stranded between what he knows is true and what he wishes was true. Grendel understand s the world as a brute, mechanical place that follows no pattern or universal law. He also knows that all the things the Shaper has sung about are merely human projections on the universes chaos. At times, Grendel finds himself willing to accept the role of the evil monster, just so he can be granted a place in society.

Free Essays on Piracy Crackdown

Piracy Crackdown It is estimated that $11 billion in software revenues have been lost due to piracy according to . Thanks to file-sharing programs such as Kazaa, Gnutella, Morpheus, BareShare, iMesh, Audio Galaxy Satellite, Direct Connect, Kazaa lite, Grokster, LimeWire, and others it is made possible and easy to pirate software. There’s something very wrong with this. Not only is it computer fraud but, the amounts of file-sharing software available leads you to the fact that it is incredibly way too common. In an annual study by it is believed that more than one-third of applications are pirated copies. Maybe because it is sometimes quicker to download software on a file-sharing program than it is if you were to drive to an electronics store and physically buy it. Although file-sharing programs have allowed users to freely distribute illegal copies of software it is not entirely their fault. Then who’s to blame? If software companies were more serious about piracy, then shouldn’ t there be higher tactical measures to prevent piracy from occurring? It isn’t a common everyday thing that someone would steal software from Fry’s Electronics. Yet it is 3 clicks away via internet. If software companies would spend more time on their security features there would be less pirated software. In an article published today by Lisa M. Bowman of CNET News.com, it is said that, â€Å"The U.S. Naval Academy Has Seized about 100 student computers that are suspected of containing unauthorized copies of copyrighted works.† It is good that they are doing something about piracy on college campuses, but that’s 100 out of several thousands of college users pirating software. That also does not mean those 100 students will stop from pirating once more. In the article it explains how universities restrict ways in dealing with file-sharing programs such as using bandwidth management tools to block or restrict file swapping. This is a bad way to pre... Free Essays on Piracy Crackdown Free Essays on Piracy Crackdown Piracy Crackdown It is estimated that $11 billion in software revenues have been lost due to piracy according to . Thanks to file-sharing programs such as Kazaa, Gnutella, Morpheus, BareShare, iMesh, Audio Galaxy Satellite, Direct Connect, Kazaa lite, Grokster, LimeWire, and others it is made possible and easy to pirate software. There’s something very wrong with this. Not only is it computer fraud but, the amounts of file-sharing software available leads you to the fact that it is incredibly way too common. In an annual study by it is believed that more than one-third of applications are pirated copies. Maybe because it is sometimes quicker to download software on a file-sharing program than it is if you were to drive to an electronics store and physically buy it. Although file-sharing programs have allowed users to freely distribute illegal copies of software it is not entirely their fault. Then who’s to blame? If software companies were more serious about piracy, then shouldn’ t there be higher tactical measures to prevent piracy from occurring? It isn’t a common everyday thing that someone would steal software from Fry’s Electronics. Yet it is 3 clicks away via internet. If software companies would spend more time on their security features there would be less pirated software. In an article published today by Lisa M. Bowman of CNET News.com, it is said that, â€Å"The U.S. Naval Academy Has Seized about 100 student computers that are suspected of containing unauthorized copies of copyrighted works.† It is good that they are doing something about piracy on college campuses, but that’s 100 out of several thousands of college users pirating software. That also does not mean those 100 students will stop from pirating once more. In the article it explains how universities restrict ways in dealing with file-sharing programs such as using bandwidth management tools to block or restrict file swapping. This is a bad way to pre...

Ice Hockey- The North American vs. The European Style of Play Essay

Ice Hockey- The North American vs. The European Style of Play - Essay Example Ice hockey is generally played indoors on rinks, which are usually 200 feet wide and 85 feet wide in North America while outside the country, the rinks are 200.13 feet long and 98.5 feet wide. These are always surrounded by fences called boards with shatterproof glass affixed on top, in order to ensure that the puck stays within the limits of the rink and does not find its way outside, where it may be harmful for the spectators. However the size of the rink does not depend upon the age of the players (like in junior and adult soccer) or on the skill involved. These rinks are partitioned into two exact halves by a red line, while blue lines are drawn at a distance of 60 feet from each goal and demarcate the end zones. The area that lies in between the blue lines is referred to as the neutral zone. At the very center of the field is a blue spot which signals the spot where the play begins when the game starts for the first time, however at a distance of about 24 feet from the boards th ere are red spots located which signal the spots from which the play re-starts after interruptions (Loftus, 2005). The rink is curved at its outer ends and a another red line appears at the point where they begin to curve and the goal is situated at the middle of this goal line. The goal itself is an iron frame that is 4 feet high and 6 feet wide and has curved bars extending down to the surface of the ice. Stretched across these bars are mesh nets and the goals are held in place by dint of short pegs that are firmly embedded in the ice. In front of the net is the crease which is a painted half circle. Within the limits of this crease, players attacking from the opponent team are not permitted to make contact with the goalie, since this would constitute a foul. In order to reduce the likelihood of injury from collision with the net, the pegs and goal posts separate, and play must be stopped mandatorily whenever a net is